Point group

In geometry, a point group is a group of geometric symmetries (isometries) that keep at least one point fixed. Point groups can exist in a Euclidean space with any dimension, and every point group in dimension d is a subgroup of the orthogonal group O(d). Point groups can be realized as sets of orthogonal matrices M that transform point x into point y:

y = M.x

where the origin is the fixed point. Point-group elements can either be rotations (determinant of M = 1) or else reflections, improper rotations, rotation-reflections, or rotoreflections (determinant of M = -1). All point groups of rotations with dimension d are subgroups of the special orthogonal group SO(d).

Discrete point groups in more than one dimension come in infinite families, but from the crystallographic restriction theorem and one of Bieberbach's theorems, each number of dimensions has only a finite number of point groups that are symmetric over some lattice or grid with that number. These are the crystallographic point groups.

Contents

One Dimension

There are only two one-dimensional point groups, the identity group and the reflection group.

Group Coxeter Coxeter diagram Order Description
C1 [ ]+ 1 Identity
D1 [ ] 2 Reflection group

Two Dimensions

Point groups in two dimensions, sometimes called rosette groups.

They come in two infinite families:

  1. Cyclic groups Cn of n-fold rotation groups
  2. Dihedral groups Dn of n-fold rotation and reflection groups

Applying the crystallographic restriction theorem restricts n to values 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 for both families, yielding 10 groups.

Group Intl Orbifold Coxeter Order Description
Cn n nn [n]+ n Cyclic: n-fold rotations. Abstract group Zn, the group of integers under addition modulo n.
Dn nm *nn [n] 2n Dihedral: cyclic with reflections. Abstract group Dihn, the dihedral group.

The subset of pure reflectional point groups, defined by 1 or 2 mirror lines, can also be given by their Coxeter group and related polygons. These include 5 crystallographic groups.

Group Coxeter group Coxeter diagram Order Related polygons
D3 A2 [3] 6 Equilateral triangle
D4 BC2 [4] 8 Square
D5 H2 [5] 10 Regular pentagon
D6 G2 [6] 12 Regular hexagon
Dn I2(n) [n] 2n Regular polygon
D2n I2(2n) [[n]]=[2n] 4n Regular polygon
D2 A12 [2] 4 Rectangle
D1 A1 [ ] 2 Digon

Three Dimensions

Point groups in three dimensions, sometimes called molecular point groups, after their wide use in studying the symmetries of small molecules.

They come in 7 infinite families of axial or prismatic groups, and 7 additional polyhedral or Platonic groups. In Schönflies notation,*

Applying the crystallographic restriction theorem to these groups yields 32 Crystallographic point groups.

Intl* Geo
[1]		 Orbifold Schönflies Conway Coxeter Order
1 1 1 C1 C1 [ ]+ 1
1 22 ×1 Ci = S2 CC2 [2+,2+] 2
2 = m 1 *1 Cs = C1v = C1h ±C1 = CD2 [ ] 2
2
3
4
5
6
n		 2
3
4
5
6
n		 22
33
44
55
66
nn		 C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
Cn		 C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
Cn		 [2]+
[3]+
[4]+
[5]+
[6]+
[n]+
 2
3
4
5
6
n
2mm
3m
4mm
5m
6mm
nmm
nm		 2
3
4
5
6
n		 *22
*33
*44
*55
*66
*nn		 C2v
C3v
C4v
C5v
C6v
Cnv		 CD4
CD6
CD8
CD10
CD12
CD2n		 [2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[n]		 4
6
8
10
12
2n
2/m
3/m
4/m
5/m
6/m
n/m		 2 2
3 2
4 2
5 2
6 2
n 2		 2*
3*
4*
5*
6*
n*		 C2h
C3h
C4h
C5h
C6h
Cnh		 ±C2
CC6
±C4
CC10
±C6
±Cn / CC2n		 [2,2+]
[2,3+]
[2,4+]
[2,5+]
[2,6+]
[2,n+]		 4
6
8
10
12
2n
4
3
8
5
12
2n
n		 4 2
6 2
8 2
10 2
12 2
2n 2		 2×
3×
4×
5×
6×
n×		 S4
S6
S8
S10
S12
S2n		 CC4
±C3
CC8
±C5
CC12
CC2n / ±Cn		 [2+,4+]
[2+,6+]
[2+,8+]
[2+,10+]
[2+,12+]
[2+,2n+]		 4
6
8
10
12
2n
Intl Geo Orbifold Schönflies Conway Coxeter Order
222
32
422
52
622
n22
n2		 2 2
3 2
4 2
5 2
6 2
n 2		 222
223
224
225
226
22n		 D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
Dn		 D4
D6
D8
D10
D12
D2n		 [2,2]+
[2,3]+
[2,4]+
[2,5]+
[2,6]+
[2,n]+		 4
6
8
10
12
2n
mmm
6m2
4/mmm
10m2
6/mmm
n/mmm
2nm2		 2 2
3 2
4 2
5 2
6 2
n 2		 *222
*223
*224
*225
*226
*22n		 D2h
D3h
D4h
D5h
D6h
Dnh		 ±D4
DD12
±D8
DD20
±D12
±D2n / DD4n		 [2,2]
[2,3]
[2,4]
[2,5]
[2,6]
[2,n]		 8
12
16
20
24
4n
42m
3m
82m
5m
122m
2n2m
nm		 4 2
6 2
8 2
10 2
12 2
n 2
 2*2
2*3
2*4
2*5
2*6
2*n		 D2d
D3d
D4d
D5d
D6d
Dnd		 ±D4
±D6
DD16
±D10
DD24
DD4n / ±D2n		 [2+,4]
[2+,6]
[2+,8]
[2+,10]
[2+,12]
[2+,2n]		 8
12
16
20
24
4n
23 3 3 332 T T [3,3]+ 12
m3 4 3 3*2 Th ±T [3+,4] 24
43m 3 3 *332 Td TO [3,3] 24
432 4 3 432 O O [3,4]+ 24
m3m 4 3 *432 Oh ±O [3,4] 48
532 5 3 532 I I [3,5]+ 60
53m 5 3 *532 Ih ±I [3,5] 120
(*) When the Intl entries are duplicated, the first is for even n, the second for odd n.

The subset of pure reflectional point groups, defined by 1 to 3 mirror planes, can also be given by their Coxeter group and related polyhedra. The [3,3] group can be doubled, written as [[3,3]], mapping the first and last mirrors onto each other, doubling the symmetry to 48, and isomorphic to the [4,3] group.

Schönflies Coxeter group Coxeter diagram Order Related regular and prismatic polyhedra
Td A3 [3,3] 24 Tetrahedron
Oh BC3 [4,3]
=[[3,3]]
48 Cube, octahedron
Stellated octahedron
Ih H3 [5,3] 120 Icosahedron, dodecahedron
D3h A2×A1 [3,2] 12 Triangular prism
D4h BC2×A1 [4,2] 16 Square prism
D5h H2×A1 [5,2] 20 Pentagonal prism
D6h G2×A1 [6,2] 24 Hexagonal prism
Dnh I2(n)×A1 [n,2] 4n n-gonal prism
D2h A13 [2,2] 8 Cuboid
C3v A2×A1 [3] 6 Hosohedron
C4v BC2×A1 [4] 8
C5v H2×A1 [5] 10
C6v G2×A1 [6] 12
Cnv I2(n)×A1 [n] 2n
C2v A12 [2] 4
Cs A1 [ ] 2

Four dimensions

The four-dimensional point groups, limiting to purely reflectional groups, can be listed by their Coxeter group, and like the polyhedral groups of 3D, can be named by their related convex regular 4-polytopes. Related pure rotational groups exist for each with half the order, defined by an even number of reflections, and can be represented by the bracket Coxeter notation with a '+' exponent, for example [3,3,3]+ has three 3-fold gyration points and symmetry order 60. Front-back symmetric groups like [3,3,3] and [3,4,3] can be doubled, shown as double brackets in Coxeter's notation, for example [[3,3,3]] with its order doubled to 240.

Coxeter group/notation Coxeter diagram Order Related regular/prismatic polytopes
A4 [3,3,3] 120 5-cell
A4×2 [[3,3,3]] 240 5-cell dual compound
BC4 [4,3,3] 384 16-cell/Tesseract
D4 [31,1,1] 192 Demitesseractic
F4 [3,4,3] 1152 24-cell
F4×2 [[3,4,3]] 2304 24-cell dual compound
H4 [5,3,3] 14400 120-cell/600-cell
A3×A1 [3,3,2] 48 Tetrahedral prism
BC3×A1 [4,3,2] 96 Octahedral prism
H3×A1 [5,3,2] 240 Icosahedral prism
A2×A2 [3,2,3] 36 Duoprism
A2×BC2 [3,2,4] 48
A2×H2 [3,2,5] 60
A2×G2 [3,2,6] 72
BC2×BC2 [4,2,4] 64
BC2×H2 [4,2,5] 80
BC2×G2 [4,2,6] 96
H2×H2 [5,2,5] 100
H2×G2 [5,2,6] 120
G2×G2 [6,2,6] 144
I2(p)×I2(q) [p,2,q] 4pq
[[p,2,p]] 8p2
A2×A12 [3,2,2] 24
BC2×A12 [4,2,2] 32
H2×A12 [5,2,2] 40
G2×A12 [6,2,2] 48
I2(p)×A12 [p,2,2] 8p
A14 [2,2,2] 16 4-orthotope

Five dimensions

The five-dimensional point groups, limiting to purely reflectional groups, can be listed by their Coxeter group. Related pure rotational groups exist for each with half the order, defined by an even number of reflections, and can be represented by the bracket Coxeter notation with a '+' exponent, for example [3,3,3,3]+ has four 3-fold gyration points and symmetry order 360.

Coxeter group Coxeter
diagram		 Order Related regular/prismatic polytopes
A5 [3,3,3,3] 720 5-simplex
A5×2 [[3,3,3,3]] 1440 5-simplex dual compound
BC5 [4,3,3,3] 3840 5-cube, 5-orthoplex
D5 [32,1,1] 1920 5-demicube
A4×A1 [3,3,3,2] 240 5-cell prism
BC4×A1 [4,3,3,2] 768 tesseract prism
F4×A1 [3,4,3,2] 2304 24-cell prism
H4×A1 [5,3,3,2] 28800 600-cell or 120-cell prism
D4×A1 [31,1,1,2] 384 Demitesseract prism
A3×A2 [3,3,2,3] 144 Duoprism
A3×BC2 [3,3,2,4] 192
A3×H2 [3,3,2,5] 240
A3×G2 [3,3,2,6] 288
A3×I2(p) [3,3,2,p] 48p
BC3×A2 [4,3,2,3] 288
BC3×BC2 [4,3,2,4] 384
BC3×H2 [4,3,2,5] 480
BC3×G2 [4,3,2,6] 576
BC3×I2(p) [4,3,2,p] 96p
H3×A2 [5,3,2,3] 720
H3×BC2 [5,3,2,4] 960
H3×H2 [5,3,2,5] 1200
H3×G2 [5,3,2,6] 1440
H3×I2(p) [5,3,2,p] 240p
A3×A12 [3,3,2,2] 96
BC3×A12 [4,3,2,2] 192
H3×A12 [5,3,2,2] 480
A22×A1 [3,2,3,2] 72 duoprism prism
A2×BC2×A1 [3,2,4,2] 96
A2×H2×A1 [3,2,5,2] 120
A2×G2×A1 [3,2,6,2] 144
BC22×A1 [4,2,4,2] 128
BC2×H2×A1 [4,2,5,2] 160
BC2×G2×A1 [4,2,6,2] 192
H22×A1 [5,2,5,2] 200
H2×G2×A1 [5,2,6,2] 240
G22×A1 [6,2,6,2] 288
I2(p)×I2(q)×A1 [p,2,q,2] 8pq
A2×A13 [3,2,2,2] 48
BC2×A13 [4,2,2,2] 64
H2×A13 [5,2,2,2] 80
G2×A13 [6,2,2,2] 96
I2(p)×A13 [p,2,2,2] 16p
A15 [2,2,2,2] 32 5-orthotope

Six dimensions

The six-dimensional point groups, limiting to purely reflectional groups, can be listed by their Coxeter group. Related pure rotational groups exist for each with half the order, defined by an even number of reflections, and can be represented by the bracket Coxeter notation with a '+' exponent, for example [3,3,3,3,3]+ has five 3-fold gyration points and symmetry order 2520.

Coxeter group Coxeter
diagram		 Order Related regular/prismatic polytopes
A6 [3,3,3,3,3] 5040 (7!) 6-simplex
A6×2 [[3,3,3,3,3]] 10080 (2×7!) 6-simplex dual compound
BC6 [4,3,3,3,3] 46080 (26×6!) 6-cube, 6-orthoplex
D6 [3,3,3,31,1] 23040 (25×6!) 6-demicube
E6 [3,32,2] 51840 (72×6!) 122, 221
A5×A1 [3,3,3,3,2] 1440 (2×6!) 5-simplex prism
BC5×A1 [4,3,3,3,2] 7680 (26×5!) 5-cube prism
D5×A1 [3,3,31,1,2] 3840 (25×5!) 5-demicube prism
A4×I2(p) [3,3,3,2,p] 240p Duoprism
BC4×I2(p) [4,3,3,2,p] 768p
F4×I2(p) [3,4,3,2,p] 2304p
H4×I2(p) [5,3,3,2,p] 28800p
D4×I2(p) [3,31,1,2,p] 384p
A4×A12 [3,3,3,2,2] 480
BC4×A12 [4,3,3,2,2] 1536
F4×A12 [3,4,3,2,2] 4608
H4×A12 [5,3,3,2,2] 57600
D4×A12 [3,31,1,2,2] 768
A32 [3,3,2,3,3] 576
A3×BC3 [3,3,2,4,3] 1152
A3×H3 [3,3,2,5,3] 2880
BC32 [4,3,2,4,3] 2304
BC3×H3 [4,3,2,5,3] 5760
H32 [5,3,2,5,3] 14400
A3×I2(p)×A1 [3,3,2,p,2] 96p Duoprism prism
BC3×I2(p)×A1 [4,3,2,p,2] 192p
H3×I2(p)×A1 [5,3,2,p,2] 480p
A3×A13 [3,3,2,2,2] 192
BC3×A13 [4,3,2,2,2] 384
H3×A13 [5,3,2,2,2] 960
I2(p)×I2(q)×I2(r) [p,2,q,2,r] 8pqr Triaprism
I2(p)×I2(q)×A12 [p,2,q,2,2] 16pq
I2(p)×A14 [p,2,2,2,2] 32p
A16 [2,2,2,2,2] 64 6-orthotope

Seven dimensions

The seven-dimensional point groups, limiting to purely reflectional groups, can be listed by their Coxeter group. Related pure rotational groups exist for each with half the order, defined by an even number of reflections, and can be represented by the bracket Coxeter notation with a '+' exponent, for example [3,3,3,3,3,3]+ has six 3-fold gyration points and symmetry order 20160.

Coxeter group Coxeter diagram Order Related polytopes
A7 [3,3,3,3,3,3] 40320 (8!) 7-simplex
A7×2 [[3,3,3,3,3,3]] 80640 (2×8!) 7-simplex dual compound
BC7 [4,3,3,3,3,3] 645120 (27×7!) 7-cube, 7-orthoplex
D7 [3,3,3,3,31,1] 322560 (26×7!) 7-demicube
E7 [3,3,3,32,1] 2903040 (8×9!) 321, 231, 132
A6×A1 [3,3,3,3,3,2] 10080 (2×7!)
BC6×A1 [4,3,3,3,3,2] 92160 (27×6!)
D6×A1 [3,3,3,31,1,2] 46080 (26×6!)
E6×A1 [3,3,32,1,2] 103680 (144×6!)
A5×I2(p) [3,3,3,3,2,p] 1440p
BC5×I2(p) [4,3,3,3,2,p] 7680p
D5×I2(p) [3,3,31,1,2,p] 3840p
A5×A12 [3,3,3,3,2,2] 2880
BC5×A12 [4,3,3,3,2,2] 15360
D5×A12 [3,3,31,1,2,2] 7680
A4×A3 [3,3,3,2,3,3] 2880
A4×BC3 [3,3,3,2,4,3] 5760
A4×H3 [3,3,3,2,5,3] 14400
BC4×A3 [4,3,3,2,3,3] 9216
BC4×BC3 [4,3,3,2,4,3] 18432
BC4×H3 [4,3,3,2,5,3] 46080
H4×A3 [5,3,3,2,3,3] 345600
H4×BC3 [5,3,3,2,4,3] 691200
H4×H3 [5,3,3,2,5,3] 1728000
F4×A3 [3,4,3,2,3,3] 27648
F4×BC3 [3,4,3,2,4,3] 55296
F4×H3 [3,4,3,2,5,3] 138240
D4×A3 [31,1,1,2,3,3] 4608
D4×BC3 [3,31,1,2,4,3] 9216
D4×H3 [3,31,1,2,5,3] 23040
A4×I2(p)×A1 [3,3,3,2,p,2] 480p
BC4×I2(p)×A1 [4,3,3,2,p,2] 1536p
D4×I2(p)×A1 [3,31,1,2,p,2] 768p
F4×I2(p)×A1 [3,4,3,2,p,2] 4608p
H4×I2(p)×A1 [5,3,3,2,p,2] 57600p
A4×A13 [3,3,3,2,2,2] 960
BC4×A13 [4,3,3,2,2,2] 3072
F4×A13 [3,4,3,2,2,2] 9216
H4×A13 [5,3,3,2,2,2] 115200
D4×A13 [3,31,1,2,2,2] 1536
A32×A1 [3,3,2,3,3,2] 1152
A3×BC3×A1 [3,3,2,4,3,2] 2304
A3×H3×A1 [3,3,2,5,3,2] 5760
BC32×A1 [4,3,2,4,3,2] 4608
BC3×H3×A1 [4,3,2,5,3,2] 11520
H32×A1 [5,3,2,5,3,2] 28800
A3×I2(p)×I2(q) [3,3,2,p,2,q] 96pq
BC3×I2(p)×I2(q) [4,3,2,p,2,q] 192pq
H3×I2(p)×I2(q) [5,3,2,p,2,q] 480pq
A3×I2(p)×A12 [3,3,2,p,2,2] 192p
BC3×I2(p)×A12 [4,3,2,p,2,2] 384p
H3×I2(p)×A12 [5,3,2,p,2,2] 960p
A3×A14 [3,3,2,2,2,2] 384
BC3×A14 [4,3,2,2,2,2] 768
H3×A14 [5,3,2,2,2,2] 1920
I2(p)×I2(q)×I2(r)×A1 [p,2,q,2,r,2] 16pqr
I2(p)×I2(q)×A13 [p,2,q,2,2,2] 32pq
I2(p)×A15 [p,2,2,2,2,2] 64p
A17 [2,2,2,2,2,2] 128

Eight dimensions

The eight-dimensional point groups, limiting to purely reflectional groups, can be listed by their Coxeter group. Related pure rotational groups exist for each with half the order, defined by an even number of reflections, and can be represented by the bracket Coxeter notation with a '+' exponent, for example [3,3,3,3,3,3,3]+ has seven 3-fold gyration points and symmetry order 181440.

Coxeter group Coxeter diagram Order Related polytopes
A8 [3,3,3,3,3,3,3] 362880 (9!) 8-simplex
A8×2 [[3,3,3,3,3,3,3]] 725760 (2x9!) 8-simplex dual compound
BC8 [4,3,3,3,3,3,3] 10321920 (288!) 8-cube,8-orthoplex
D8 [3,3,3,3,3,31,1] 5160960 (278!) 8-demicube
E8 [3,3,3,3,32,1] 696729600 421, 241, 142
A7×A1 [3,3,3,3,3,3,2] 80640 7-simplex prism
BC7×A1 [4,3,3,3,3,3,2] 645120 7-cube prism
D7×A1 [3,3,3,3,31,1,2] 322560 7-demicube prism
E7×A1 [3,3,3,32,1,2] 5806080 321 prism, 231 prism, 142 prism
A6×I2(p) [3,3,3,3,3,2,p] 10080p duoprism
BC6×I2(p) [4,3,3,3,3,2,p] 92160p
D6×I2(p) [3,3,3,31,1,2,p] 46080p
E6×I2(p) [3,3,32,1,2,p] 103680p
A6×A12 [3,3,3,3,3,2,2] 20160
BC6×A12 [4,3,3,3,3,2,2] 184320
D6×A12 [33,1,1,2,2] 92160
E6×A12 [3,3,32,1,2,2] 207360
A5×A3 [3,3,3,3,2,3,3] 17280
BC5×A3 [4,3,3,3,2,3,3] 92160
D5×A3 [32,1,1,2,3,3] 46080
A5×BC3 [3,3,3,3,2,4,3] 34560
BC5×BC3 [4,3,3,3,2,4,3] 184320
D5×BC3 [32,1,1,2,4,3] 92160
A5×H3 [3,3,3,3,2,5,3]
BC5×H3 [4,3,3,3,2,5,3]
D5×H3 [32,1,1,2,5,3]
A5×I2(p)×A1 [3,3,3,3,2,p,2]
BC5×I2(p)×A1 [4,3,3,3,2,p,2]
D5×I2(p)×A1 [32,1,1,2,p,2]
A5×A13 [3,3,3,3,2,2,2]
BC5×A13 [4,3,3,3,2,2,2]
D5×A13 [32,1,1,2,2,2]
A4×A4 [3,3,3,2,3,3,3]
BC4×A4 [4,3,3,2,3,3,3]
D4×A4 [31,1,1,2,3,3,3]
F4×A4 [3,4,3,2,3,3,3]
H4×A4 [5,3,3,2,3,3,3]
BC4×BC4 [4,3,3,2,4,3,3]
D4×BC4 [31,1,1,2,4,3,3]
F4×BC4 [3,4,3,2,4,3,3]
H4×BC4 [5,3,3,2,4,3,3]
D4×D4 [31,1,1,2,31,1,1]
F4×D4 [3,4,3,2,31,1,1]
H4×D4 [5,3,3,2,31,1,1]
F4×F4 [3,4,3,2,3,4,3]
H4×F4 [5,3,3,2,3,4,3]
H4×H4 [5,3,3,2,5,3,3]
A4×A3×A1 [3,3,3,2,3,3,2] duoprism prisms
A4×BC3×A1 [3,3,3,2,4,3,2]
A4×H3×A1 [3,3,3,2,5,3,2]
BC4×A3×A1 [4,3,3,2,3,3,2]
BC4×BC3×A1 [4,3,3,2,4,3,2]
BC4×H3×A1 [4,3,3,2,5,3,2]
H4×A3×A1 [5,3,3,2,3,3,2]
H4×BC3×A1 [5,3,3,2,4,3,2]
H4×H3×A1 [5,3,3,2,5,3,2]
F4×A3×A1 [3,4,3,2,3,3,2]
F4×BC3×A1 [3,4,3,2,4,3,2]
F4×H3×A1 [3,4,2,3,5,3,2]
D4×A3×A1 [31,1,1,2,3,3,2]
D4×BC3×A1 [31,1,1,2,4,3,2]
D4×H3×A1 [31,1,1,2,5,3,2]
A4×I2(p)×I2(q) [3,3,3,2,p,2,q] triaprism
BC4×I2(p)×I2(q) [4,3,3,2,p,2,q]
F4×I2(p)×I2(q) [3,4,3,2,p,2,q]
H4×I2(p)×I2(q) [5,3,3,2,p,2,q]
D4×I2(p)×I2(q) [31,1,1,2,p,2,q]
A4×I2(p)×A12 [3,3,3,2,p,2,2]
BC4×I2(p)×A12 [4,3,3,2,p,2,2]
F4×I2(p)×A12 [3,4,3,2,p,2,2]
H4×I2(p)×A12 [5,3,3,2,p,2,2]
D4×I2(p)×A12 [31,1,1,2,p,2,2]
A4×A14 [3,3,3,2,2,2,2]
BC4×A14 [4,3,3,2,2,2,2]
F4×A14 [3,4,3,2,2,2,2]
H4×A14 [5,3,3,2,2,2,2]
D4×A14 [31,1,1,2,2,2,2]
A3×A3×I2(p) [3,3,2,3,3,2,p]
BC3×A3×I2(p) [4,3,2,3,3,2,p]
H3×A3×I2(p) [5,3,2,3,3,2,p]
BC3×BC3×I2(p) [4,3,2,4,3,2,p]
H3×BC3×I2(p) [5,3,2,4,3,2,p]
H3×H3×I2(p) [5,3,2,5,3,2,p]
A3×A3×A12 [3,3,2,3,3,2,2]
BC3×A3×A12 [4,3,2,3,3,2,2]
H3×A3×A12 [5,3,2,3,3,2,2]
BC3×BC3×A12 [4,3,2,4,3,2,2]
H3×BC3×A12 [5,3,2,4,3,2,2]
H3×H3×A12 [5,3,2,5,3,2,2]
A3×I2(p)×I2(q)×A1 [3,3,2,p,2,q,2]
BC3×I2(p)×I2(q)×A1 [4,3,2,p,2,q,2]
H3×I2(p)×I2(q)×A1 [5,3,2,p,2,q,2]
A3×I2(p)×A13 [3,3,2,p,2,2,2]
BC3×I2(p)×A13 [4,3,2,p,2,2,2]
H3×I2(p)×A13 [5,3,2,p,2,2,2]
A3×A15 [3,3,2,2,2,2,2]
BC3×A15 [4,3,2,2,2,2,2]
H3×A15 [5,3,2,2,2,2,2]
I2(p)×I2(q)×I2(r)×I2(s) [p,2,q,2,r,2,s] 16pqrs
I2(p)×I2(q)×I2(r)×A12 [p,2,q,2,r,2,2] 32pqr
I2(p)×I2(q)×A14 [p,2,q,2,2,2,2] 64pq
I2(p)×A16 [p,2,2,2,2,2,2] 128p
A18 [2,2,2,2,2,2,2] 256

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The Crystallographic Space groups in Geometric algebra, D. Hestenes and J. Holt, Journal of Mathematical Physics. 48, 023514 (2007) (22 pages) PDF [1]

References

External links